# LexVio.ai — full index for LLM and answer-engine consumers

> LexVio.ai is the Global AI Legal Operating System for Legal, Compliance & Tax, built by Global Synapse Technologies (Delhi, India). This file expands on /llms.txt with the substantive content behind each section — practice-area coverage, statutory deadlines, glossary definitions and capabilities.

Every entry below is generated from the same data the public pages render, so this file cannot drift from the site. All URLs are canonical https://www.lexvio.ai links.

Nothing here is legal advice. Statutory positions carry the date they were last reviewed; verify against the bare Act before relying on any of it.

Index: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/llms.txt
Sitemap: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/sitemap.xml

## Practice areas (13) — reviewed 2026-08-19

### Litigation
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/litigation

Indian civil litigation runs on a clock you cannot negotiate with: s.3 of the Limitation Act, 1963 requires a court to dismiss a time-barred suit even where limitation was never pleaded as a defence, and s.5 condonation reaches appeals and applications but never suits. Most commercial litigation is contract litigation — damages under s.73 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, the s.74 ceiling on stipulated penalties, and specific performance under the Specific Relief Act, 1963. This hub gathers the periods, the provisions and the LexVio capabilities that read a judgment or a contract before the clock runs out.

Covers:
- Litigation as an Indian practice area is really three clocks running at once. The first is the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1963: Article 113 gives three years for any suit with no article of its own, Article 116 gives ninety days for a first appeal to a High Court and thirty days to any other court, Article 123 gives thirty days to set aside an ex parte decree, and Article 136 gives twelve years to execute a decree. The second is the substantive statute the claim arises under. The third is the procedural clock inside the court — restoration, review, revision and substitution each carry their own article.
- What is actually fought in Indian commercial courts is largely contract. Section 73 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 gives compensation for loss that naturally arose from the breach; s.74 converts a stipulated penalty into reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount named, which is why liquidated-damages drafting matters long before a plaint is filed. Specific performance is governed by ss.10 and 14 of the Specific Relief Act, 1963, and s.20A bars injunctions that would impede an infrastructure project. Cheque-dishonour prosecutions under s.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 sit alongside all of this in sheer volume.
- And there is a switch that turns the litigation off. Once a corporate debtor enters CIRP, s.14 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 declares a moratorium prohibiting the institution or continuation of suits, transfer of assets and recovery actions — so a solvency check on the defendant is part of assessing the claim, not an afterthought.

### Corporate & Commercial
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/corporate-commercial

Running an Indian company is a filing calendar attached to a governance code. The Companies Act, 2013 fixes the AGM under s.96(1), the annual return under s.92, financial statements under s.129 and s.137(1), director duties under s.166, interest disclosure under s.184 and related-party approvals under s.188 — and s.248 lets the Registrar strike the company off when it goes quiet. This hub links the governing sections to the nine ROC filings you actually have to diarise.

Covers:
- Corporate and commercial work in India is bounded by the Companies Act, 2013 and, for LLPs, the LLP Act, 2008. The governance spine is short: directors owe the duties in s.166 (good faith, due care, no conflict, no undue gain), must disclose their interest under s.184 at the first Board meeting and annually, and must route related-party transactions through the consents s.188 requires. Auditors carry their own statutory duties under s.143, including the fraud-reporting obligation in s.143(12).
- Everything else is a deadline. Section 96(1) fixes the AGM; s.137(1) with Rule 12 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014 drives AOC-4; s.92(4) with Rule 11 drives MGT-7/MGT-7A; s.139(1) with Rule 4(2) drives ADT-1; s.405 with the Specified Companies Order 2019 drives MSME-1 twice a year; Rule 16 of the Deposits Rules read with s.73 drives DPT-3; and Rule 12A of the Directors Rules drives DIR-3 KYC. LLPs run a parallel set — s.35(1) with Rule 25(1) for Form 11, s.34(2)/(3) with Rule 24 for Form 8.
- Commercial contracting sits on top: the same company also signs MSAs, vendor agreements and SaaS subscriptions, and those clauses are where liability actually accumulates. Section 129 requires financial statements that give a true and fair view under Schedule III, so a contingent liability buried in an indemnity clause eventually surfaces in the accounts.

### Contracts
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/contracts

Every Indian contract stands or falls on the same handful of sections: s.10 for formation, s.23 for lawful object, s.27 which voids restraint of trade, s.28 which voids clauses that shorten your time to sue, s.55 on time being of the essence, and ss.73-74 on what a breach is actually worth. LexVio scores each clause against a benchmarked corpus of 22 market-standard clauses across SaaS, NDA, MSA, employment and vendor agreements, then hands back tracked-change Word output.

Covers:
- Contract law in India is the Indian Contract Act, 1872 plus the drafting habits that have grown around it. Section 10 sets the four requirements — free consent, competent parties, lawful consideration, lawful object. Section 17 defines fraud, which is what a misrepresentation claim is built on. Section 23 makes consideration or object unlawful where it is forbidden by law, defeats a provision of law, is fraudulent, injures person or property, or is immoral or against public policy.
- Three sections quietly decide most negotiations. Section 27 voids every agreement that restrains anyone from exercising a lawful profession, trade or business, save for the sale of goodwill — which is why post-termination non-competes in Indian employment contracts fail and non-solicits are drafted narrowly instead. Section 28 voids clauses that restrict a party from enforcing rights through legal proceedings or that limit the time within which they may do so, so a 'claims must be brought within 90 days' clause is not enforceable simply because both sides signed it. Section 74 caps a stipulated penalty at reasonable compensation not exceeding the amount named, which is why an eye-watering liquidated-damages figure is rarely the win it looks like.
- LexVio's benchmarking corpus is India-first and deliberately narrow: 22 curated market-standard clauses across SaaS, NDA, MSA, employment and vendor agreements, covering 18 clause types — limitation of liability, indemnity, data privacy, termination, payment, IP ownership, confidentiality, non-compete, warranty, governing law, dispute resolution, force majeure, non-solicit, notice period, compensation, termination grounds, audit rights and delivery. A clause you paste is embedded, matched to the nearest standards, and returned with an above-market / at-market / below-market read.

### Employment
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/employment

Indian employment work now straddles two regimes: the labour codes (Social Security 2020, Wages 2019, OSH 2020) with the old scheme provisions saved during transition, and the Indian Contract Act, 1872 whose s.27 voids the post-termination non-compete that half of all Indian offer letters still contain. The recurring obligations are relentless — EPF and ESI monthly, ESI half-yearly returns, the POSH annual report, statutory bonus, and salary TDS under s.192.

Covers:
- The employment relationship in India is governed twice over. Contractually it sits under the Indian Contract Act, 1872 — which is why s.27 matters so much: a post-termination non-compete is void as a restraint of trade, so the enforceable protections are confidentiality, IP assignment and a narrowly drawn non-solicit. LexVio's benchmarked corpus carries market-standard employment clauses for exactly those points, plus notice period, compensation, data privacy and termination grounds.
- Statutorily it sits under the labour codes and their saved schemes. Section 16 of the Code on Social Security, 2020 (with the EPF Scheme 1952 provisions saved during transition) drives the monthly EPF contribution and ECR for establishments with 20+ employees. Section 29, read with Regulation 31 of the ESI (General) Regulations 1950, drives the monthly ESI contribution, and Regulation 26 drives the half-yearly returns of contributions for each of the April-September and October-March periods. Section 39 of the Code on Wages, 2019 — successor to s.19 of the Payment of Bonus Act, 1965 — sets annual statutory bonus disbursal.
- Two obligations are easy to forget and expensive to miss. Sections 21-22 of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013, read with Rule 14 of the POSH Rules 2013, require an annual report to the District Officer from every workplace with 10 or more employees, where an Internal Committee is mandatory. And the employer is a tax deductor: s.192 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 requires deduction at the average rate on estimated salary income at the time of payment, with the deposit and quarterly statement deadlines that follow.

### Intellectual Property
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/intellectual-property

IP work in an Indian commercial practice is mostly contractual: who owns what the contractor built, what survives termination, and whether the licence grant is broad enough for the product you shipped. LexVio's benchmarked corpus carries market-standard IP-ownership clauses for both SaaS and employment agreements, the NDA generator ships an IP-heavy template, and the seeded statute library covers the Trade Marks Act, 1999 for the registration and infringement tests.

Covers:
- Two of the three IP questions in a normal Indian commercial matter are answered by the contract, not the statute. Who owns work product created by an employee or a contractor is settled by the IP-assignment clause; what the customer may do with the vendor's platform, feedback and deliverables is settled by the IP-ownership and licence clauses. LexVio's benchmarking corpus carries market-standard IP-ownership positions for SaaS subscription agreements and for employment agreements, and the free employment agreement and founders' agreement templates both include IP assignment.
- The third question — is this mark registrable, and is that use an infringement — is statutory. Section 11 of the Trade Marks Act, 1999 sets the relative grounds for refusal: a mark cannot be registered where it is identical or similar to an earlier trade mark and the goods or services are identical or similar. Section 29 defines infringement as use, in the course of trade, of a mark identical or deceptively similar to a registered trade mark. For copyright, Article 88 of the Limitation Act, 1963 gives three years to sue for compensation for infringement.

### Compliance
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/compliance

Indian statutory compliance is 49 live recurring obligations across nine regulators — GST, income-tax, MCA/ROC, LLP, EPF/ESI, labour, RBI, FEMA and SEBI — each with its own citation, applicability test and penalty ladder. The dates are statutory and do not shift for Sundays; regulators extend only by ad-hoc notification. This hub maps the governing provisions to the calendar, the ROC forms and the DPDP readiness assessment.

Covers:
- Compliance in India is not one calendar but nine, stacked. GST alone runs GSTR-1 under s.37(1) of the CGST Act, 2017 with Rule 59(1), GSTR-3B under s.39(1) with Rule 61(1), the annual GSTR-9 under s.44 with Rule 80(1), and the GSTR-9C reconciliation under Rule 80(3) — plus CMP-08 and GSTR-4 for composition dealers, GSTR-7 for TDS deductors under s.51, GSTR-8 for e-commerce TCS under s.52, and ITC-04 for job work under s.143.
- Income-tax adds monthly TDS/TCS deposit under s.397 of the Income-tax Act, 2025 with Rule 218 of the Income-tax Rules 2026, four quarterly statements under s.397(3)(b), four advance-tax instalments under s.408, the return under s.263(1), the tax-audit report under s.63, and the transfer-pricing report under s.172. MCA adds AGM, AOC-4, MGT-7/7A, ADT-1, DPT-3, MSME-1 and DIR-3 KYC; LLPs add Forms 11 and 8. EPF/ESI, labour, RBI's ECB-2, FEMA's FLA and ODI APR, and SEBI LODR quarterly and annual filings complete the set.
- Privacy is the newest layer and the one most organisations have mis-dated. The DPDP Act, 2023 commenced in phases under G.S.R. 843(E): 13 November 2025 stood up the Data Protection Board only, 13 November 2026 opens Consent Manager registration under s.6(9) and nothing else, and 13 May 2027 brings the entire operative regime — ss.3-5, s.6(1)-(8) and (10), ss.7-17, and the penalty machinery in ss.28-34 with the Schedule. The readiness quiz groups every gap it finds against those dates.

### Tax & Regulatory
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/tax-regulatory

Indian tax practice is mid-transition: the Income-tax Act, 1961 governs income up to 31 March 2026 and the Income-tax Act, 2025 takes over from 1 April 2026, collapsing 819 sections into 536 and folding most TDS obligations into table serials inside s.393. GST runs in parallel under the CGST Act, 2017. This hub carries the section mapper, the TDS finder, the slab tables, the CII series and the interest calculator, each citing its own source.

Covers:
- The single most consequential fact in Indian tax right now is the changeover. Income earned up to 31 March 2026 stays on the Income-tax Act, 1961; income from 1 April 2026 is Tax Year 2026-27 and runs on the Income-tax Act, 2025. Most TDS provisions no longer have standalone section numbers — s.194J professional fees becomes a serial in the s.393(1) table, s.194C contractor payments another, s.195 non-resident payments a serial in s.393(2). Citing the legacy number after the changeover is a drafting defect, not a shorthand.
- The thresholds moved too. The Finance Act 2025 raised the s.194J professional-fees threshold to ₹50,000 a year, s.194I rent to ₹6 lakh a year (₹50,000 a month), and s.194H commission and brokerage to ₹20,000 a year, all with effect from 1 April 2025. Section 194C's ₹30,000 single / ₹1 lakh aggregate thresholds were left unchanged. Section 194Q still applies to buyers with turnover above ₹10 crore purchasing goods above ₹50 lakh a year per seller.
- GST is the other half. Section 7 of the CGST Act, 2017 defines supply; s.9(3) and (4) carry reverse charge; s.16 sets the four conditions for input tax credit — possession of a tax invoice, receipt of goods or services, tax actually paid by the supplier, and the return furnished; and s.17(5) lists the blocked credits that catch people out. Section 31 requires the tax invoice whose fields Rule 46 prescribes. Capital gains carry their own trap: indexation was withdrawn for most transfers on or after 23 July 2024, which the Cost Inflation Index tool states on its face.

### Dispute Resolution
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/dispute-resolution

Arbitration, insolvency, consumer and cheque-bounce proceedings each run on a deadline the Limitation Act does not govern, and two of them are hard ceilings no court can lift: s.34(3) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 allows three months plus at most thirty days 'but not thereafter', and s.61(2) of the IBC caps a NCLAT appeal at thirty days plus fifteen. The clause that sends you there is drafted long before the dispute, which is where LexVio reads it.

Covers:
- Dispute resolution begins in the contract. The governing-law and dispute-resolution clauses decide the forum, the seat and the escalation ladder, and LexVio's benchmarked corpus carries market-standard versions of both for MSAs. Section 28 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 sets the outer limit on what those clauses can do: an agreement that restricts a party from enforcing rights through legal proceedings, or that limits the time within which they may do so, is void.
- Once a dispute is live, the special statutes take over from the Limitation Act Schedule. An application to set aside an arbitral award under s.34(3) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 must be made within three months, extendable by a maximum of thirty days on sufficient cause, 'but not thereafter'. An appeal to the NCLAT under s.61(2) of the IBC is thirty days, condonable by a further period not exceeding fifteen — a hard forty-five-day outer cap. A consumer complaint under s.69 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 is two years, with delay condonable on sufficient cause and reasons recorded.
- Insolvency itself is a dispute route. A financial creditor files under s.7 of the IBC and an operational creditor under s.9, after the s.8 demand notice and ten days without payment. Section 14 then declares the moratorium, and s.29A bars defaulters, wilful defaulters, undischarged insolvents and connected persons from submitting a resolution plan. Cheque dishonour under s.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 runs on its own chained clock: presentation within validity, demand notice within thirty days of the return memo, the drawer's fifteen-day payment window, then the complaint.

### Real Estate
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/real-estate

Indian property work is decided by three things a contract review must catch: whether the instrument is adequately stamped under the state's own schedule, whether the claim is inside its limitation article — thirty years to redeem a mortgage, twelve for possession on title, three for specific performance — and what the tax position is on transfer, where indexation was withdrawn for most transfers on or after 23 July 2024.

Covers:
- Stamp duty in India is a state subject, and the spread is the point: a sale deed attracts around 6% in Maharashtra with an extra 1% LBT in Mumbai, and each state sets its own rates for gift deeds, leases over twelve months, loan and rent agreements and letters of authority, with female-buyer rebates in several. The stamp duty calculator carries 22 states and links each to its own Registration & Stamps department, because the department, not a calculator, is the authority before execution.
- The limitation articles for property are the longest on the books and the least forgiving. Article 61 gives thirty years to redeem a mortgage; Article 63 gives thirty years for a mortgagee's foreclosure or possession in one limb and twelve in the other; Article 62 gives twelve years to enforce payment of mortgage money; Article 65 gives twelve years for possession based on title, which is the article adverse possession is argued under; Article 67 gives twelve years to a landlord recovering possession from a tenant. Rent arrears run on three years under Article 52, trespass three years under Article 87, and specific performance of a sale agreement three years under Article 54.
- Two more provisions shape outcomes. Section 20A of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 bars a court from granting an injunction in a suit involving an infrastructure project where it would impede or delay progress. And on the tax side, s.194I of the Income-tax Act, 1961 requires 10% TDS on rent for land or building above ₹6 lakh a year after the Finance Act 2025 — now s.393(1) Table Sl. No. 2(ii) of the Income-tax Act, 2025 from 1 April 2026.

### Banking & Finance
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/banking-finance

Lending and financial-services work in India sits across four regulators at once: the RBI for NBFC registration and net owned fund under s.45IA of the RBI Act, 1934 and for ECB reporting; SEBI for market conduct under ss.12A, 15G and 15HA of the SEBI Act, 1992; the NCLT for recovery under ss.7 and 9 of the IBC; and FEMA for FLA and overseas-investment reporting. The recovery clocks are Limitation Act articles 19, 21, 62 and 63.

Covers:
- The regulatory perimeter comes first. Section 45IA of the RBI Act, 1934 prohibits any NBFC from commencing or carrying on non-banking financial business without RBI registration and the minimum net owned fund, and s.17 lists the business the Bank itself may transact. Entities with outstanding external commercial borrowings file the monthly ECB-2 return under the FEMA reporting framework and the ECB Master Direction; entities with FDI or overseas investment file the annual FLA return, and holders of ODI file the Annual Performance Report under Regulation 10 of the FEM (Overseas Investment) Regulations 2022.
- Market conduct sits with SEBI. Section 11 of the SEBI Act, 1992 sets the Board's functions; s.12A prohibits manipulative and deceptive devices in connection with the issue, purchase or sale of any listed security; s.15G penalises insider trading at ₹25 crore or three times the profit, whichever is higher, and s.15HA does the same for fraudulent and unfair trade practices. Listed entities file quarterly and annual results under the SEBI LODR Regulations, 2015 through the Integrated Filing framework.
- Recovery runs on two tracks. Under the IBC, a financial creditor applies under s.7 and an operational creditor under s.9, the moratorium under s.14 follows admission, and s.29A screens who may submit a resolution plan. Under the ordinary civil route the Limitation Act governs: three years to recover money lent under Article 19 or, where payable on demand, under Article 21 from the date of the loan; twelve years to enforce payment of mortgage money under Article 62; and thirty or twelve years for a mortgagee's foreclosure or possession under Article 63. Cheque dishonour under s.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 remains the highest-volume recovery route of all.

### Mergers & Acquisitions
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/mergers-acquisitions

Diligence on an Indian target is a document problem before it is a legal one: a data room of several thousand files, a reps-and-warranties package to test, indemnity caps and CPs to extract, and a Companies Act, 2013 overlay of related-party approvals under s.188, director interest disclosures under s.184 and financial statements under s.129. LexVio runs a deal-format diligence pass over the room and returns an India red-flag report.

Covers:
- The corporate law of an Indian acquisition is mostly about who approved what. Section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013 carries the definitions the whole analysis turns on — related party, subsidiary, holding company, key managerial personnel. Section 188 governs related-party transactions and the consents they need, s.184 requires directors to disclose interest at the first Board meeting and annually, s.166 sets the fiduciary standard the seller's board was held to, and s.143 covers the auditor's duties including fraud reporting under s.143(12). Section 129 is the reason contingent liabilities buried in indemnity clauses eventually surface.
- The contract law is the warranty package. Section 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 defines fraud — a suggestion of fact known to be false, active concealment, or a promise made without intent to perform — which is the backstop when a disclosure schedule turns out to be untrue. Section 124 defines the contract of indemnity that the whole indemnity architecture is built on. Where the target is distressed, s.29A of the IBC decides who is even eligible to be a resolution applicant.
- M&A Deal Intelligence runs a diligence pass in deal format over an uploaded data room: reps and warranties, indemnity caps, conditions precedent, MAC clauses, and an India red-flag report. Around it sit the vault mechanics a deal actually needs — ZIP ingest for thousands of documents at once, per-document share links with expiry, password and watermarking, folder-level permissions, and an immutable activity audit log.

### Data Privacy
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/data-privacy

The DPDP Act, 2023 is in force in name and phased in substance: the Data Protection Board provisions commenced on 13 November 2025, Consent Manager registration under s.6(9) opens on 13 November 2026, and the entire operative regime — notice, consent, security safeguards, breach intimation, children's data, Data Principal rights, cross-border and the penalty Schedule — commences on 13 May 2027. Everything you build between now and then is measured against that date.

Covers:
- The DPDP Act, 2023 uses its own vocabulary, and using GDPR's instead is the first mistake. There is a Data Fiduciary, a Data Processor and a Data Principal; there is no 'controller' and no Article 28. Section 4 sets the grounds for processing, s.5 the notice, and s.6 consent — with s.6(10) placing the burden of proving valid consent on the Data Fiduciary, which is why consent-record architecture matters more than consent-notice wording.
- Section 8 carries the general obligations: reasonable security safeguards under s.8(4)-(5), fleshed out by Rule 6 of the DPDP Rules 2025 including a one-year minimum retention for logs; breach intimation under s.8(6) with Rule 7's two-stage clock; and erasure under s.8(7)-(8) with Rule 8 and the Third Schedule. Section 9 governs children's data with verifiable parental consent under Rule 10, s.10 sets Significant Data Fiduciary obligations under Rule 13, ss.11-14 carry Data Principal rights with Rule 14's grievance mechanics, and s.16 is the cross-border restriction power that Rule 15 and Rule 13(4) operate through.
- The free Data Processing Agreement in the library is drafted to this Act rather than translated from GDPR: statutory Data Fiduciary / Data Processor / Data Principal vocabulary, the Rule 6 security floor including the one-year log minimum, a breach window short enough for the Fiduciary's own 72-hour Board report, and cross-border handled the way s.16 actually works. The readiness quiz is fifteen weighted questions, each carrying its own section or rule citation, with every gap grouped against the phase date that makes it enforceable.

### General Legal
URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/practice-areas/general-legal

Not every legal question arrives with a practice area attached. This hub is the entry point for the ordinary ones — is this agreement enforceable, how long do I have to sue, what does this clause actually do, which filing did I just miss — and points at the free scanner, the template library, the calculators and the residuary provisions of Indian law that catch what the specific ones do not.

Covers:
- Indian law has two deliberate catch-alls, and knowing them saves a lot of searching. Article 113 of the Limitation Act, 1963 gives three years for any suit for which no other article of the Schedule provides a period, running from when the right to sue accrues. Article 137 does the same for applications. If you cannot find a specific article for your claim, you have almost certainly landed on one of these two.
- On the contract side the residuary question is s.10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872: an agreement is a contract if made by the free consent of parties competent to contract, for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object. Where it goes wrong, s.73 gives compensation for loss that naturally arose from the breach. And where a cheque was the payment mechanism, s.138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 makes dishonour an offence punishable with up to two years' imprisonment or a fine up to twice the cheque amount.
- The free surface is genuinely free and genuinely local. The public scanner takes any pasted contract and returns a Legal Health Score and the top risks with no account. Fifteen free tools are live — GST, TDS rates, stamp duty across 22 states, HSN/SAC codes, GSTIN validation, income-tax slabs, the CII series, interest and late fees, ROC forms, limitation periods, the 1961-to-2025 section mapping, DPDP readiness, an NDA generator, the compliance calendar and the template library. The calculators run in your browser; nothing you type is uploaded. Seven contract templates are licensed for commercial use without attribution.

## Statutory deadlines (50 obligations, 9 regulators) — reviewed 2026-08-19

URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/calendar

Each obligation below is recurring. The due-date rule, the governing provision and who it applies to are given; the calendar page expands them into dated months.

- **GSTR-1 — Outward supplies** (GST) — Section 37(1), CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 59(1), CGST Rules 2017; 11th fixed by Notification 83/2020-Central Tax. Applies to: All regular GST-registered taxpayers filing monthly (non-QRMP). Monthly return of outward supplies, due 11th of the following month for monthly filers (AATO > ₹5 cr or opted out of QRMP). QRMP filers report via IFF/quarterly GSTR-1 (13th of month after quarter). Since July 2025 the portal time-bars any GST return filed more than 3 years after its due date.
- **GSTR-3B — Summary return** (GST) — Section 39(1), CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 61(1), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: All regular GST-registered taxpayers (monthly filers). Monthly summary return with tax payment, due 20th of the following month for monthly filers; 22nd/24th of the month after the quarter for QRMP filers (state group 1/2). From July 2025 Table-3 values auto-populated from GSTR-1/IFF are hard-locked (non-editable). Due date verified current for 2026; March-2026 period was moved 20→21 Apr 2026 by ad-hoc Notification 01/2026-CT.
- **CMP-08 — Composition quarterly statement** (GST) — Section 10 read with Section 39(2), CGST Act 2017 and Rule 62(1)(i), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: Composition-scheme taxpayers only. Quarterly self-assessed tax payment statement for composition taxpayers under §10 CGST. Due 18th of the month following each quarter (18 Jul / 18 Oct / 18 Jan / 18 Apr). RRULE re-encoded from the anchor-dependent MONTHLY;INTERVAL=3 form to explicit quarter-aligned months.
- **GSTR-4 — Composition annual return** (GST) — Section 39(2), CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 62(1)(ii), CGST Rules 2017 as amended by Notification 12/2024-Central Tax. Applies to: Composition-scheme taxpayers only. Annual return for composition taxpayers. DUE DATE CHANGED: 30 June of the following FY (was 30 April) for FY 2024-25 onwards, per Notification 12/2024-Central Tax dated 10 Jul 2024 (53rd GST Council). Backend RRULE must move from BYMONTH=4 to BYMONTH=6.
- **GSTR-9 — Annual return** (GST) — Section 44, CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 80(1), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: Regular taxpayers with AATO > ₹2 cr (optional below). Annual return for regular taxpayers, due 31 December following the FY. Filing is exempted for AATO up to ₹2 cr via year-wise CBIC notifications (continuing practice).
- **GSTR-9C — Reconciliation statement** (GST) — Section 44, CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 80(3), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: Regular taxpayers with AATO > ₹5 cr. Self-certified reconciliation between audited accounts and GSTR-9 for taxpayers with AATO > ₹5 cr. Due 31 December following the FY, with GSTR-9.
- **GSTR-7 — TDS return (deductor)** (GST) — Section 39(3) read with Section 51, CGST Act 2017 and Rule 66(1), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: GST TDS deductors under §51 only. Monthly return for entities deducting GST TDS under §51 (govt departments, PSUs, notified persons). Due 10th of the following month; sequential filing including nil returns is mandatory since late 2024.
- **GSTR-8 — TCS return (e-commerce)** (GST) — Section 52(4), CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 67(1), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: E-commerce operators required to collect TCS under §52. Monthly return for e-commerce operators collecting TCS under §52. Due 10th of the following month.
- **ITC-04 — Job-work declaration (Apr-Sep)** (GST) — Section 143, CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 45(3), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: Manufacturers sending goods for job work, AATO > ₹5 cr. Half-yearly declaration of inputs/capital goods sent to job-workers, for AATO > ₹5 cr. Apr-Sep period due 25 October. Taxpayers with AATO ≤ ₹5 cr file annually (due 25 April).
- **ITC-04 — Job-work declaration (Oct-Mar)** (GST) — Section 143, CGST Act 2017 read with Rule 45(3), CGST Rules 2017. Applies to: Manufacturers sending goods for job work. Half-yearly declaration for the Oct-Mar period, due 25 April (AATO > ₹5 cr). The same 25-April date is the annual due date for AATO ≤ ₹5 cr filers.
- **TDS / TCS payment** (Income-tax) — Section 397, Income-tax Act 2025 read with Rule 218, Income-tax Rules 2026 (successor of Rule 30, IT Rules 1962). Applies to: Every deductor/collector of TDS/TCS. Monthly deposit of tax deducted/collected at source, due 7th of the following month for non-government deductors; March deductions due 30 April. Government deductors: same-day by book adjustment (7th if by challan). Timelines unchanged under the Income-tax Act 2025 regime effective 1 Apr 2026.
- **TDS / TCS — Q1 statement** (Income-tax) — Section 397(3)(b), Income-tax Act 2025 read with Rules 217/219, Income-tax Rules 2026 (Forms 138/140/143/144). Applies to: Every TDS deductor / TCS collector. Quarterly TDS/TCS statement for Apr-Jun, due 31 July. From FY 2026-27 the forms are renumbered under the Income-tax Rules 2026: Form 138 (ex-24Q, salary), Form 140 (ex-26Q, resident non-salary), Form 144 (ex-27Q, non-resident), Form 143 (ex-27EQ, TCS). Dates unchanged in substance.
- **TDS / TCS — Q2 statement** (Income-tax) — Section 397(3)(b), Income-tax Act 2025 read with Rules 217/219, Income-tax Rules 2026. Applies to: Every TDS deductor / TCS collector. Quarterly TDS/TCS statement for Jul-Sep, due 31 October (Forms 138/140/143/144 under IT Rules 2026).
- **TDS / TCS — Q3 statement** (Income-tax) — Section 397(3)(b), Income-tax Act 2025 read with Rules 217/219, Income-tax Rules 2026. Applies to: Every TDS deductor / TCS collector. Quarterly TDS/TCS statement for Oct-Dec, due 31 January (Forms 138/140/143/144 under IT Rules 2026).
- **TDS / TCS — Q4 statement** (Income-tax) — Section 397(3)(b), Income-tax Act 2025 read with Rules 217/219, Income-tax Rules 2026. Applies to: Every TDS deductor / TCS collector. Quarterly TDS/TCS statement for Jan-Mar, due 31 May (Forms 138/140/143/144 under IT Rules 2026).
- **Advance Tax — Q1 (15%)** (Income-tax) — Section 408, Income-tax Act 2025 (instalments; successor of §211, IT Act 1961). Applies to: Assessees with estimated tax liability ≥ ₹10,000 (senior citizens without business income exempt). First instalment: cumulative 15% of estimated annual tax due 15 June. Instalment structure (15/45/75/100%) unchanged under the Income-tax Act 2025 (advance-tax chapter now §§403-408).
- **Advance Tax — Q2 (45%)** (Income-tax) — Section 408, Income-tax Act 2025. Applies to: Assessees with estimated tax liability ≥ ₹10,000. Second instalment: cumulative 45% due 15 September.
- **Advance Tax — Q3 (75%)** (Income-tax) — Section 408, Income-tax Act 2025. Applies to: Assessees with estimated tax liability ≥ ₹10,000. Third instalment: cumulative 75% due 15 December.
- **Advance Tax — Q4 (100%)** (Income-tax) — Section 408, Income-tax Act 2025. Applies to: Assessees with estimated tax liability ≥ ₹10,000; presumptive taxpayers (single instalment). Final instalment: 100% of liability due 15 March; also the single instalment date for presumptive-taxation assessees (old §§44AD/44ADA regimes as carried into the 2025 Act).
- **ITR filing — Individuals / HUFs (no audit)** (Income-tax) — Section 263(1), Income-tax Act 2025 (successor of §139(1), IT Act 1961). Applies to: Individuals/HUFs not subject to tax audit. Return of income for non-audit cases, due 31 July following the tax year under §263(1), IT Act 2025 (ITR-1/ITR-2 class). NOTE: per Finance Act 2026, non-audit business filers (ITR-3/ITR-4) and their partners are reported to have been moved to 31 August under §263(1)(c) — confirm before splitting into a separate row. CBDT still grants ad-hoc extensions by circular.
- **Tax audit report (ex-3CA/3CB + 3CD)** (Income-tax) — Section 63, Income-tax Act 2025 (successor of §44AB, IT Act 1961). Applies to: Businesses/professionals crossing §63 audit thresholds. Tax audit for businesses with turnover > ₹1 cr (₹10 cr where cash transactions ≤ 5%) and professionals > ₹50 lakh. 'Specified date' is 30 September of the following year (one month before the ITR due date). Now governed by §63, IT Act 2025; practitioner guidance refers to a consolidated new audit-report form (Form 26) under IT Rules 2026. CBDT extended AY 2025-26 audit reports to 31 Oct 2025 ad hoc (PIB).
- **ITR filing — Companies / audit cases** (Income-tax) — Section 263(1), Income-tax Act 2025. Applies to: Companies, partnerships and audit-case assessees. Return of income due 31 October following the tax year for companies and all assessees subject to tax audit.
- **Transfer pricing accountant's report (ex-3CEB)** (Income-tax) — Section 172, Income-tax Act 2025 (successor of §92E, IT Act 1961); Form 48, IT Rules 2026. Applies to: Assessees with international / specified domestic transactions. Accountant's report for international and specified domestic transactions, due 31 October (one month before the 30-Nov ITR date). Under the IT Act 2025 the provision is §172 and the report is Form 48 (replacing Form 3CEB).
- **ITR filing — TP cases** (Income-tax) — Section 263(1), Income-tax Act 2025. Applies to: Assessees with TP reporting obligations. Return of income due 30 November following the tax year for assessees required to furnish the §172 transfer-pricing report.
- **Belated / revised return** (Income-tax) — Section 263(4)/(5), Income-tax Act 2025 (successors of §139(4)/(5), IT Act 1961). Applies to: Any assessee who missed or needs to correct a return. Belated return may be filed up to 31 December following the tax year under §263(4), IT Act 2025; revised return under §263(5). Finance Act 2026 reportedly extends the revised-return window to 12 months from tax-year end with a fee (§428(b)) for revisions after nine months — 31 December remains the safe fee-free encode.
- **AGM — Annual General Meeting** (MCA / ROC) — Section 96(1), Companies Act 2013. Applies to: Every company other than OPCs. AGM to be held within 6 months of FY end (30 September for a 31-March FY); gap between AGMs must not exceed 15 months. First AGM: within 9 months of first FY end. Unchanged as of Aug 2026.
- **AOC-4 — Financial statements filing** (MCA / ROC) — Section 137(1), Companies Act 2013 read with Rule 12, Companies (Accounts) Rules 2014. Applies to: Every company. File audited financial statements with the ROC within 30 days of the AGM (= 30 October for an AGM on 30 Sep, counting per the General Clauses Act; many practitioner calendars conservatively target 29 October). XBRL/CFS variants apply to prescribed classes.
- **MGT-7 / MGT-7A — Annual return** (MCA / ROC) — Section 92(4), Companies Act 2013 read with Rule 11, Companies (Management & Administration) Rules 2014. Applies to: Every company (MGT-7A for small companies/OPCs). Annual return within 60 days of the AGM (= 29 November for an AGM on 30 Sep; practitioner calendars often target 28 November). Small companies and OPCs file MGT-7A.
- **DIR-3 KYC — Director KYC (now triennial)** (MCA / ROC) — Rule 12A (as substituted w.e.f. 31 Mar 2026), Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules 2014. Applies to: Every individual holding a DIN as on 31 March (once per 3-year cycle). CHANGED: Rule 12A was substituted by the Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Amendment Rules 2025 (notified 31 Dec 2025, effective 31 Mar 2026). DIN holders now file Form DIR-3 KYC Web once every third consecutive financial year, by 30 June — no longer annually by 30 September. Directors compliant through FY 2025-26 are next due 30 June 2028. Changes to mobile/email/address must be reported within 30 days. RRULE encodes the 30-June date; per-director triennial cadence must be tracked at the org level.
- **DPT-3 — Return of deposits** (MCA / ROC) — Rule 16, Companies (Acceptance of Deposits) Rules 2014 read with §73, Companies Act 2013. Applies to: Every company (other than government companies) with deposits or exempt borrowings. Annual return of deposits and of outstanding money/loans not treated as deposits, as at 31 March, due 30 June. MCA has granted ad-hoc extensions in some years (incl. a 2026 relief circular) — statutory date encoded.
- **MSME-1 — H1 (Apr-Sep) outstanding** (MCA / ROC) — Section 405, Companies Act 2013 read with Specified Companies (Furnishing of information about payment to micro and small enterprise suppliers) Order 2019. Applies to: Companies with MSE dues outstanding > 45 days. Half-yearly return of payments outstanding > 45 days to micro/small enterprise suppliers, Apr-Sep period due 31 October.
- **MSME-1 — H2 (Oct-Mar) outstanding** (MCA / ROC) — Section 405, Companies Act 2013 read with Specified Companies Order 2019. Applies to: Companies with MSE dues outstanding > 45 days. Half-yearly return for the Oct-Mar period, due 30 April.
- **ADT-1 — Auditor appointment** (MCA / ROC) — Section 139(1), Companies Act 2013 read with Rule 4(2), Companies (Audit and Auditors) Rules 2014. Applies to: Companies appointing/reappointing statutory auditors at the AGM. Notice of auditor appointment/reappointment to the ROC within 15 days of the AGM (= 15 October for an AGM on 30 Sep).
- **LLP Form 11 — Annual return** (LLP) — Section 35(1), LLP Act 2008 read with Rule 25(1), LLP Rules 2009. Applies to: Every LLP. Annual return of an LLP, due within 60 days of FY end = 30 May. Unchanged as of 2026.
- **LLP Form 8 — Statement of account & solvency** (LLP) — Section 34(2)/(3), LLP Act 2008 read with Rule 24, LLP Rules 2009. Applies to: Every LLP. Annual statement of account and solvency, due within 30 days of six months after FY end = 30 October. Unchanged as of 2026.
- **EPF — Monthly contribution + ECR** (EPF / ESI) — Section 16, Code on Social Security 2020 read with Code on Social Security (Central) Rules 2026 (EPF Scheme 1952 provisions saved during transition). Applies to: Establishments with 20+ employees covered by the EPF chapter. Monthly EPF contribution and Electronic Challan-cum-Return, due 15th of the following month on the EPFO unified portal. The EPF & MP Act 1952 stands repealed (labour codes; final Central Rules notified 8 May 2026) — the obligation now flows from the Code on Social Security 2020, with pre-existing scheme provisions saved during the one-year transition (to 20 Nov 2026). The 15th-of-month operational deadline is confirmed unchanged by 2026 practitioner calendars.
- **ESI — Monthly contribution** (EPF / ESI) — Section 29, Code on Social Security 2020 read with Regulation 31, ESI (General) Regulations 1950 (saved during transition) and SS (Central) Rules 2026. Applies to: Establishments with 10+ employees; employees earning ≤ ₹21,000/month (₹25,000 for disabled). Monthly ESI contribution, due 15th of the following month via the ESIC portal. The ESI Act 1948 stands repealed — the obligation now flows from §29 of the Code on Social Security 2020; the ESI (General) Regulations 1950 (incl. the 15-day payment window of Reg 31) continue as saved subordinate legislation during the transition to 20 Nov 2026.
- **ESI — Half-yearly return of contributions (Apr-Sep)** (EPF / ESI) — Regulation 26, ESI (General) Regulations 1950 (saved under Code on Social Security 2020 transition), read with §29 SS Code 2020. Applies to: All ESI-covered employers. Self-certified Return of Contributions for the Apr-Sep contribution period, due within 42 days of period end = 11 November. Auto-populated from monthly challans on the ESIC portal. Requirement confirmed continuing in 2026 under the SS Code transition (regulations saved to 20 Nov 2026).
- **ESI — Half-yearly return of contributions (Oct-Mar)** (EPF / ESI) — Regulation 26, ESI (General) Regulations 1950 (saved under SS Code 2020 transition), read with §29 SS Code 2020. Applies to: All ESI-covered employers. Return of Contributions for the Oct-Mar period, due within 42 days of 31 March = 12 May.
- **POSH — Annual Report to District Officer** (Labour) — Sections 21-22, Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2013 read with Rule 14, POSH Rules 2013. Applies to: Every workplace with 10+ employees (Internal Committee mandatory). Annual report of complaints for the calendar year by the Internal Committee to the employer and District Officer. The POSH Act 2013 is NOT subsumed by the labour codes and remains in force. No calendar date is fixed in the Act/Rules; 31 January is the widely followed administrative convention (some District Officers prescribe their own dates).
- **Statutory bonus — Annual disbursal** (Labour) — Section 39, Code on Wages 2019 (successor of §19, Payment of Bonus Act 1965). Applies to: Establishments with 20+ employees; employees within the notified bonus wage ceiling. Statutory bonus must be credited to employees' bank accounts within 8 months of the close of the accounting year (= 30 November for a 31-March year-end); the appropriate government may extend up to 2 years. The Payment of Bonus Act 1965 stands repealed — the successor is §39, Code on Wages 2019, which retains the 8-month window.
- **Annual return — contract labour / establishment (ex-CLRA Form XXV)** (Labour) — Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020 read with OSH (Central) Rules 2026 — unified electronic annual return (TODO(confirm): exact rule and form number). Applies to: Establishments/principal employers covered by the OSH Code (incl. those engaging contract labour). The CLRA Act 1970 and its Central Rules (incl. Form XXV, due 15 Feb) stand repealed with the OSH (Central) Rules 2026 notified 8 May 2026 (G.S.R. 345(E)). Successor: a unified electronic annual return filed with the jurisdictional Inspector-cum-Facilitator on or before the LAST DAY OF FEBRUARY following the calendar year (incl. a new declaration of ESI/PF contributions). RRULE encoded as BYMONTHDAY=-1 (RFC 5545: last day of the month). Exact rule/form number in the 2026 Rules still to be pinned to the gazette text.
- **ECB-2 — Monthly ECB return** (RBI) — FEMA 1999 read with RBI Master Direction — Reporting under FEMA (Form ECB-2) and the ECB Master Direction. Applies to: Entities with outstanding external commercial borrowings only. Monthly return on External Commercial Borrowings filed through the AD Category-I bank, due within 7 WORKING days from month-end. The BYMONTHDAY=7 encode is an approximation of '7 working days' — the true deadline can land on the 9th-11th; flag in UI.
- **FLA — Foreign Liabilities & Assets return** (FEMA) — FEMA 1999 read with RBI Master Direction — Reporting under FEMA / FEM (Non-Debt Instruments) reporting framework. Applies to: Every Indian entity with outstanding FDI or overseas investment. Annual return of foreign liabilities and assets filed on the RBI FLAIR portal by every entity with outstanding FDI/ODI, due 15 July (provisional figures allowed; revise by 30 September once audited). For FY 2025-26 RBI extended the date ad hoc to 31 July 2026 — statutory 15 July encoded.
- **APR — Annual Performance Report (ODI)** (FEMA) — Regulation 10, FEM (Overseas Investment) Regulations 2022 read with FEM (Overseas Investment) Rules 2022 (Form APR). Applies to: Indian entities/resident individuals holding ODI in foreign entities. Annual Performance Report for each foreign entity in which overseas direct investment is held, due 31 December, based on the foreign entity's audited financials, filed through the AD bank.
- **SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q4, Jan-Mar)** (SEBI) — Regulations 31(1)(b), 27(2) and 13(3), SEBI (LODR) Regulations 2015 read with SEBI Integrated Filing circular (Dec 31, 2024) / LODR Master Circular. Applies to: Listed entities only. Shareholding pattern (Reg 31(1)(b)) due within 21 days of quarter-end (21 April — encoded date). NOTE: since the Dec-2024 integrated-filing framework (LODR Third Amendment + SEBI circular 31 Dec 2024, consolidated in the Master Circular updated 30 Jan 2026), the corporate governance report (Reg 27(2)) and investor grievance statement (Reg 13(3)) travel in the Integrated Filing (Governance), due within 30 days of quarter-end (30 April).
- **SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q1, Apr-Jun)** (SEBI) — Regulations 31(1)(b), 27(2) and 13(3), SEBI (LODR) Regulations 2015 read with Integrated Filing framework. Applies to: Listed entities only. Shareholding pattern due 21 July (Reg 31, 21 days); Integrated Filing (Governance) covering Reg 27(2) and Reg 13(3) due 30 July (30 days).
- **SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q2, Jul-Sep)** (SEBI) — Regulations 31(1)(b), 27(2) and 13(3), SEBI (LODR) Regulations 2015 read with Integrated Filing framework. Applies to: Listed entities only. Shareholding pattern due 21 October (Reg 31, 21 days); Integrated Filing (Governance) due 30 October (30 days).
- **SEBI LODR — Quarterly filings (Q3, Oct-Dec)** (SEBI) — Regulations 31(1)(b), 27(2) and 13(3), SEBI (LODR) Regulations 2015 read with Integrated Filing framework. Applies to: Listed entities only. Shareholding pattern due 21 January (Reg 31, 21 days); Integrated Filing (Governance) due 30 January (30 days).
- **SEBI LODR — Annual audited financial results (Reg 33)** (SEBI) — Regulation 33(3)(d), SEBI (LODR) Regulations 2015. Applies to: Listed entities only. Annual audited standalone + consolidated financial results due within 60 days of FY end (30 May for a 31-March year-end); quarterly results within 45 days of quarter-end (now part of Integrated Filing (Financial)).

## Free tools (13) — no signup

- [GST Calculator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/gst-calculator): Forward and reverse GST, with the CGST/SGST split for intra-state supply and IGST for inter-state.
- [TDS Rate Finder](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/tds-rate-finder): Section-wise TDS rates for FY 2025-26 — salary, rent, professional fees, contractors and 20+ more.
- [NDA Generator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/nda-generator): Indian-law NDA in five templates — mutual, one-way, employment, vendor and IP-heavy.
- [Stamp Duty Calculator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/stamp-duty-calculator): State-by-state duty for sale deeds, gift deeds, leases and loan agreements. 22 states covered.
- [HSN / SAC Finder](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/hsn-sac-finder): Find the GST code and rate for any product or service.
- [GSTIN Validator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/gstin-validator): Validate a GSTIN's checksum and decode state code, PAN and entity type — runs in your browser.
- [Income Tax Act Section Mapper](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/income-tax-section-mapper): Where each Income-tax Act, 1961 section lands in the Income-tax Act, 2025 from 1 April 2026.
- [DPDP Readiness Quiz](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/dpdp-readiness-quiz): 15-question weighted self-assessment against the DPDP Act 2023 and the DPDP Rules 2025.
- [Limitation Period Finder](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/limitation-period-finder): Periods quoted from the bare Limitation Act, 1963, plus the arbitration, cheque-bounce, IBC and consumer deadlines.
- [Income Tax Slab Rates](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/income-tax-slabs): New and old regime side by side for FY 2024-25 to FY 2026-27, with rebate, surcharge and cess.
- [Cost Inflation Index](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/cost-inflation-index): Every notified CII with an indexed-cost calculator — and the 23 July 2024 withdrawal caveat.
- [Interest & Late Fee Calculator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/interest-calculator): Interest under 234A/234B/234C, CGST s.50, TDS 201(1A) and the 234E fee, each with its citation.
- [ROC Form Finder](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/tools/roc-forms): The nine MCA/ROC filings a company or LLP must diarise, with the due rule and late-fee ladder.

## Legal glossary (20 terms) — reviewed 2026-08-20

URL: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/glossary

- **Conditions precedent (CPs)** — The things that must be done or be true before a deal closes — in a priced equity round they sit in the share subscription agreement alongside the subscription mechanics and warranties. In M&A diligence, CPs are extracted from the data room together with indemnity caps as part of the deal-format review.
- **Drag-along right** — One of the exit provisions of a shareholders' agreement, alongside ROFR and tag-along: when the majority sells, it can require — 'drag' — the remaining shareholders to sell on the same terms, so a buyer can acquire the whole company. It is the counterweight to the minority's tag-along.
- **ESOP (Employee Stock Option Plan)** — A plan under which employees are granted options to acquire shares of the company, documented as a plan plus individual grant letters. ESOP terms are framed by company law and securities rules that vary by jurisdiction, and the gain at exercise is typically taxed as compensation income in the employee's hands.
- **Indemnity** — A promise to save the other party from loss caused by the promisor's conduct or by any other person. In deals, the whole indemnity architecture of caps and carve-outs is built on it, and a contingent liability buried in an indemnity clause eventually surfaces in the accounts sooner or later.
- **IP assignment** — The clause that transfers ownership of work product — code, designs, content, inventions — from the person creating it to the company or client. It is standard in employment and founders' agreements; a plain NDA handles confidentiality only and does not assign IP.
- **Limitation period** — The statutory deadline for bringing a suit, appeal or application. Each jurisdiction sets its own periods — by claim type, by the event that starts the clock, and by what can pause or reset it — so the applicable period always has to be checked against the law that actually governs the claim, not assumed.
- **Limitation of liability** — The clause capping what one party can ever owe the other under a contract. A common SaaS position is a cap of twelve months' fees, with carve-outs — exclusions from the cap — for indemnity, confidentiality, IP infringement, data-protection breach, and gross negligence, wilful misconduct or fraud.
- **Liquidated damages** — A sum named in the contract as payable on breach. Many jurisdictions will not enforce a named figure that amounts to a penalty rather than a genuine pre-estimate of loss — a distinction English law traces to Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co v New Garage & Motor Co [1915] AC 79 — so an eye-watering liquidated-damages number is rarely the win it looks like.
- **NDA (Non-Disclosure Agreement)** — A contract obliging one party (one-way) or both (mutual) to keep shared information confidential, with defined carve-outs, a term and a governing law. A standard NDA handles confidentiality, not IP assignment; ownership of work product needs a separate IP assignment clause or agreement.
- **Non-compete** — A clause restraining someone from competing after a relationship ends. Many jurisdictions test whether the restriction is reasonable to protect a legitimate business interest — English common law traces this restraint-of-trade doctrine to cases like Nordenfelt v Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Co [1894] AC 535. Where a non-compete does not survive that test, confidentiality, IP assignment and a narrow non-solicit are what typically remain enforceable.
- **Non-solicit** — The narrower promise not to poach the other side's employees or customers for a period — often the fallback used where a broader post-termination non-compete would not hold up under the contract's governing law. It must be drafted narrowly to survive.
- **Related-party transaction** — A contract between a company and its related parties — directors, key managerial personnel, or entities they control. Company law in most jurisdictions requires such transactions to get board or shareholder approval above certain thresholds, and requires directors to disclose their interest.
- **Representations and warranties** — The package of statements of fact a company or seller makes in a share subscription or acquisition agreement — about accounts, litigation, compliance, assets — which diligence then tests against the data room. When a disclosure schedule turns out to be untrue, the misrepresentation and fraud rules under the contract's governing law are the backstop.
- **ROFR (Right of First Refusal)** — A transfer restriction in a shareholders' agreement: before a shareholder sells to an outsider, the shares must first be offered to the existing shareholders on the same terms. It sits alongside tag-along and drag-along rights in controlling who can enter the cap table.
- **SAFE (Simple Agreement for Future Equity)** — An investment contract where money comes in now and converts to shares in a future priced round — the Y-Combinator post-money SAFE. Used at pre-seed and seed where founders want speed and a valuation cap without negotiating a full priced round.
- **SHA (Shareholders' Agreement)** — The agreement among shareholders of a private company covering board composition, reserved matters, transfer restrictions — ROFR, tag-along, drag-along — and exit rights. It is where the real balance of power between founders and investors is written down.
- **Specific performance** — A court ordering the contract actually performed instead of awarding damages — an equitable remedy available in many common law jurisdictions where damages alone would not fairly compensate the claimant. It is typically refused where the contract is compensable in money, depends on personal qualifications, or would require ongoing court supervision, and is subject to the applicable limitation period.
- **Tag-along right** — The minority shareholder's protection in a shareholders' agreement: if the majority sells its stake, the minority can join — 'tag along' — and sell on the same terms, rather than being left behind with a new controller. The drag-along is its mirror image in the majority's favour.
- **Trade mark infringement** — Use in the course of trade of a mark identical or deceptively similar to a registered trade mark, for the same or similar goods or services — the core test under most trade mark statutes. The same comparison typically applies at the registration stage too: a mark usually cannot be registered where it is identical or similar to an earlier mark for identical or similar goods or services.
- **Vesting (and cliff)** — The mechanism by which founders and employees earn their equity over time rather than owning it all on day one, with a cliff — an initial period before anything vests at all. Founders' agreements pair the equity split with vesting and cliff terms and spell out what happens to unvested shares when a founder leaves; ESOP grants vest the same way.

## Capabilities (57 live, 11 in beta)

Status is stated because it is load-bearing: a capability in beta is not one a reader should plan around.

- [Vio — Ask any document](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/vio-ask) — live
- [Vio — Draft & redline](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/vio-draft) — live
- [Nexus — Search across your portfolio](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nexus-search) — live
- [Nexus — Ask across your portfolio](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nexus-ask) — live
- [Nexus — Clause coverage map](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nexus-clause-coverage) — live
- [Fix suggestions](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/fix-suggestions) — live
- [AI redlining](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/ai-redlining) — live
- [Contract template library](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/contract-templates) — live
- [Contract scanner](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/contract-scanner) — live
- [Clause-level risk scoring](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/clause-risk-scoring) — live
- [Legal Health Score](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/legal-health-score) — live
- [Bulk contract analysis](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/bulk-analysis) — live
- [Legal simulators](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/legal-simulators) — live
- [Tender Intelligence](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/tender-intelligence) — live
- [M&A Deal Intelligence](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/m-and-a-intelligence) — live
- [Procurement Hub](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/procurement-hub) — live
- [Insurance Policy Analyzer](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/insurance-analyzer) — live
- [Court research corpus](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/court-research-corpus) — live
- [Citation graph](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/citation-graph) — live
- [Regulator monitoring](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/regulator-monitoring) — live
- [Filing calendar](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/filing-calendar) — live
- [Regulatory change feed](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/regulatory-change-feed) — live
- [Income tax analysis](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/income-tax-analysis) — live
- [TDS detection in contracts](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/tds-detection) — live
- [GST computation helper](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/gst-computation) — live
- [Encrypted vault](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/encrypted-vault) — live
- [Shared document links](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/vault-sharing) — live
- [Version history](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/version-history) — live
- [Folder permissions](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/folder-permissions) — live
- [Bulk upload + ZIP ingest](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/bulk-upload) — live
- [Workspaces](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/workspaces) — live
- [Roles & permissions](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/roles-permissions) — live
- [Real-time collaboration](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/realtime-collaboration) — live
- [Matter management](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/matter-management) — live
- [Activity audit log](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/audit-log) — live
- [SAML SSO](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/saml-sso) — live
- [SCIM provisioning](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/scim) — live
- [Pre-built agents](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/prebuilt-agents) — live
- [Webhooks](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/webhooks) — live
- [Scheduled runs](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/scheduled-runs) — live
- [No model training on your data](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/no-training-on-your-data) — live
- [Prompt injection defence](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/prompt-injection-defence) — live
- [Per-org cost guardrails](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/cost-guardrails) — live
- [Prompt caching](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/prompt-caching) — live
- [Token cap per request](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/token-caps) — live
- [Cost transparency](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/cost-transparency) — live
- [Data residency](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/india-residency) — live
- [Billing & invoicing](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/gst-compliant-billing) — live
- [Intelligence API](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/intelligence-api) — live
- [On-prem deployment](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/on-prem) — live
- [Public scanner](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/public-scanner) — live
- [NDA generator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nda-generator-tool) — live
- [GST calculator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/gst-calculator-tool) — live
- [TDS rate finder](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/tds-rate-finder-tool) — live
- [Stamp duty calculator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/stamp-duty-calculator-tool) — live
- [HSN / SAC finder](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/hsn-sac-finder-tool) — live
- [GSTIN validator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/gstin-validator-tool) — live
- [Nexus — Negotiation rollups](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nexus-negotiation-rollup) — beta
- [Nexus — Insights feed](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nexus-insights) — beta
- [Nexus — Knowledge graph](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/nexus-graph) — beta
- [Privacy readiness assessment](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/dpdp-readiness) — beta
- [IFRS vs IndAS comparator](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/ifrs-indas) — beta
- [Cross-border tax](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/cross-border-tax) — beta
- [Watermark & DRM](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/watermarks) — beta
- [White-label reports](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/white-label) — beta
- [Custom workflow agents](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/custom-agents) — beta
- [Approval workflows](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/approval-workflows) — beta
- [Voice interface](https://www.global.lexvio.ai/features/voice) — beta

## Contact

- Email: info@globalsynapsetech.com
- Entity: Global Synapse Technologies, Delhi NCR, India
- Free contract scanner: https://www.global.lexvio.ai/scan